![]() ![]() Examples of these types of courts include probate courts, traffic courts, juvenile courts, and small claims courts. Most states also maintain specialized courts of limited subject-matter jurisdiction. However, for pragmatic reasons some states deny subject-matter jurisdiction to specific claims, such as those arising in other states. That is, state courts are presumed to have power to hear virtually any claim arising under federal or state law, except those falling under the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal courts. ![]() Most state courts are courts of general jurisdiction, whereas federal courts have limited jurisdiction. For example, Congress limited the subject-matter jurisdiction of the United States Tax Court to cases related to taxation thus, that court does not have subject-matter jurisdiction over any other matter. The requirement that a court have subject-matter jurisdiction means that the court can only assume power over a claim which it is authorized to hear under the laws of the jurisdiction. In federal court, under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction is considered a favored defense and may be raised at any point in the litigation process, even if the parties had previously argued that subject-matter jurisdiction existed. In fact, the court may dismiss a case sua sponte (on its own) for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. While litigating parties may waive personal jurisdiction, they cannot waive subject-matter jurisdiction. Subject-matter jurisdiction is the requirement that a given court have power to hear the specific kind of claim that is brought to that court. Personal jurisdiction is the requirement that a given court have power over the defendant, based on minimum contacts with the forum. Jurisdiction may be broken down into two categories: personal jurisdiction and subject matter jurisdiction. Where jurisdiction is lacking, litigants, through various procedural mechanisms, may retroactively challenge the validity of a judgment. OverviewĪ court must have jurisdiction to enter a valid, enforceable judgment on a claim. The power of a court to adjudicate a particular type of matter and provide the remedy demanded.
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